此說明會由健保局企劃組一位小姐當主講人,最後討論時,個人對修法通過,即將在明年七月一日實施的二代健保第七條--將受刑人納入健保體系,詢問保費如何收(受刑人是被剝奪自由與工作等權力的)?健保給付又可能是無底洞(監獄是封閉社會,如何監管與避免濫用);
該小姐說:全世界國家(我不清楚)沒有將受刑人納入健康照護體系的!!~保費是法務部編列預算,健保給付由健保局支出,應還未實施,所以無法知道要多少財務負擔......您曉得台灣各種醫學會,討論時間都短,同時遇尖銳問題,往往主持人都請發言人會後與主講者討論---極度不公平
會後再次請教該小姐,本說有事,但個人說只耽誤一分鐘,還是明年七月一日二代健保實施後,健保給付預估多少?嚴重超支,在目前健保虧空與政府財政惡化下,應由政府(法務部)編列預算全額支應,不能再讓政府凱健保的油,因為這是政府政策造成健保支出增加的.....,
她說很難,因為法已通過,健保局必須支應,除非再經立法院修法....我說台灣健保局就如同保險公司,雖二代健保法通過,個人(國民一份子)有不同看法,如過健保局覺得是對的,離明年七月還有時間向立法委員說明.....等云
台灣法就是這麼修的,執政黨是國民黨(立委席次過半),政府要政策綁票,(雖然受刑人不能投票,但家人?),健保財務虧空就調高保費,但要知道這是政府財政應支出的,有多少社會福利或政府為選舉應支出的健康醫療支出,卻轉嫁到健保財務支出上,又有個全世界沒有的點值制度---有基本人權嗎?有尊重 生命嗎?......民粹治國!!!!!!
參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
版主: 版主021
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李誠民
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
Newshine 先生:謝謝指教
但您問我,我問誰?
可能請教施肇榮醫師?!
請教親民黨,否則就引用施醫師言---"棄藍投橘"因為親民黨副總統候選人是公共衛生專家,或是投書與去電給民進黨,各位如果同意,塞爆您喜歡的立委信箱或服務電話!!!
但您問我,我問誰?
可能請教施肇榮醫師?!
請教親民黨,否則就引用施醫師言---"棄藍投橘"因為親民黨副總統候選人是公共衛生專家,或是投書與去電給民進黨,各位如果同意,塞爆您喜歡的立委信箱或服務電話!!!
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
哈哈李誠民 寫:Newshine 先生:謝謝指教
但您問我,我問誰?
可能請教施肇榮醫師?!
請教親民黨,否則就引用施醫師言---"棄藍投橘"因為親民黨副總統候選人是公共衛生專家,或是投書與去電給民進黨,各位如果同意,塞爆您喜歡的立委信箱或服務電話!!!
那對不起了
偶只是看到突然想到而已啦
不好意思
其實是想說版上如果有任何哪位精通二代健保的大大
可以說明的話
那就很高興囉
(三八萌) (三八萌) (三八萌)
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X-MAN
- 部長級
- 文章: 7012
- 註冊時間: 週六 9月 09, 2006 5:11 pm
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
何謂民粹?李誠民 療支出,卻轉嫁到健保財務支出上,又有個全世界沒有的點值制度---有基本人權嗎?有尊重 生命嗎?......民粹治國!!!!!!
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91% ... B%E7%BE%A9
民粹主義（英語：populism，又譯平民主義）意指平民論者所擁護的政治與經濟信條，是社會科學語彙中最沒有精確定義的名詞之一，也可以被當成是一種政治哲學或是政治語言，包括爭取耕地利益、主張自由使用銀礦來鑄造貨幣、以及提倡政府管制壟斷現象[1]。學術界有關民粹的討論甚多，但是把它當成一個獨立學術概念來處理的卻很少，主要原因是民粹主義呈現的樣貌過於豐富，難以捉摸。
民粹主義的原文涵義是個中性的單字，固然民粹有可能對社會產生負面的影響，但沒有必要把它看成本質的惡，否則極可能會誤解民粹的意涵。民粹是一種人民不滿現狀的意識形態，民粹主義者往往認為菁英階級所代表的統治團體，既腐化又墮落，因此寧願要人民相信自己，也不願相信這套制度，所以民粹主要的特質就是對政府的怨懟。
[编辑] 相關歷史民粹主義在北美洲和拉丁美洲的政治史上佔有重要的份量。在拉丁美洲出現了許多有個人魅力的領導人。在美國，則是在十九世紀晚期到二十世紀早期出現了許多政黨，像是人民黨（Populist Party）、美鈔黨（United States Greenback Party）、亨利·佐治（Henry George）的土地單一稅（Single Tax）運動、進步黨（United States Progressive Party）、農工黨（Farmer-Labor Party）、脩義·龍（又譯輝·龍）（Huey Long）的「分享財富（Share Our Wealth）」運動、美利堅聯盟黨（United States Union Party）。一些早期的左翼民粹主義政黨直接導致了後來社會主義運動的出現；而其它民粹主義者則有偏右的色彩，像是柯林神父（Father Charles Coughlin）。
[编辑] 概述民粹主義（平民主義）沒有特定的思想內涵，基本上它可以與任何意識形態結合，端視其社會情境或反對的對象而定。
民粹主義認為平民的利益被社會中的菁英所壓制或阻礙，而國家這個工具需要從這些自私自利的菁英團體復原健康，用來改善全民的福祉和進步。因此民粹主義者常被誤認為是運用巧妙辭令來訴諸於一般人民關切的經濟、社會、及其它常見的問題。1980年以後，大部份對民粹主義的學術研究都把它當成一種可以推廣許多不同的意識型態的政治語言來討論。最近數十年來，民粹主義運動領袖在左翼和右翼都有見過（如 Canovan, Kazin, Betz）。民粹主義的相反詞是精英主義，尤其是政治菁英主義。
有些民粹主義者會主張移除政治菁英階層的腐化成分，並且倡導「人民優先」。民粹主義反對集權的執政政權的政見。許多民粹主義者將訴求重心放在特定的地區或是特定的社會階級，例如勞工階級，中產階級或是農民等等。通常他們自稱代表多數人民，並反對極權。
所謂「平民主義」作為一種政治立場，歸根結底是訴諸「民主」，通常反對極權的菁英份子，其形式多種多樣。對人民的信任最直接地導致平民主義的直接民主制訴求，它反對變質的代議制，力求讓權力真正的掌握在普通公民手裡。其最具特色的制度設計為：公投；另外便是公眾創制權；還有罷免權，它能迫使極權的政治菁英在公民出現不滿時接受民主選舉。20世紀初期，美國許多州在平民主義影響下頒布了憲法條款。平民主義在這個意義上可視為民主的一種表現形式。
值得注意的是，並不是所有進行民粹主義式活動的政治人物都是真正的民粹主義者，菁英主義者也會誤導平民主義。有些政治人物也會採行民粹主義式的政治語言，他們被批評為只是利用民粹主義式的政治語言當作組織的策略，而實際上，並無意也無心做平民的代表。甚至在二十世紀末的某些國家，民粹常被菁英主義者視為是挑動族群衝突、以獲取政治利益的代名詞。
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李誠民
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- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
X-Man 先生您好!謝謝教導
個人英文實在有夠爛!為了個Citizenship 花了近一小時!
主要IOM &ˇACGME在2008 年交Sandford 與UCLA,檢討2003年的住院醫師工時限為80 小時,與對病患安全關係文章,提到自紐約州立法--Libby zion Law,就有強大Citizenship 對美國OSHA(Occupational Safety andHealth Adminstration)要訂出規範,但OSHA皆以醫師養成教育不如十輪貨車駕駛或飛機駕駛,可能比擬,可是參院又議決了紐約州法案,所以才有ACGME & IOM在2003 年訂出規範,當然住院醫師是教學醫院重要勞力來源,為填補住院醫師公時 減少,美國參院預算委員會的Medicare預算每年多支出1.1-1.6 billian ,同時要求住院醫師訓練課程必須有Recognize fatigue的課程安排與Supervise setting 改變......等等,
台灣住院醫師值班減少,實習醫師還不是勞保,?(那打工學生雇主不加入勞保,雇主還須受罰),怎麼醫學生就是學保了呢?
台灣法律您說奇怪不奇怪?不論住院醫師或主治醫師及開業醫師,納了勞保費(政府強制納保的社會安全法之一),為甚麼卻沒應有保障,?全聯會加加油,勳章到地攤就買的到!衛生署醫政處為國人健康與安全著想,少些政治思維,應該拿出專業道德勇氣,作官是一時的,絕非前署長名言:---學術是一時的 ,作人是一世的,,,,,...
引言回覆:Citizenship is the state of being a citizen of a particular social, political, national, or human resource community. Citizenship status, under social contract theory, carries with it both rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was equated by Virginia Leary (1999) as connoting "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations."[1] The group of all citizens is the citizenry.
Contents
[hide] 1 National citizenship
2 International citizenship 2.1 Commonwealth citizenship
2.2 European Union (EU) citizenship
3 Subnational citizenship
4 History 4.1 Polis citizenship
4.2 Medieval and early modern citizenship
5 Honorary citizenship
6 Citizenship education 6.1 United Kingdom
6.2 Ireland
6.3 Nova Scotia
7 Responsibilities or duties of citizenship
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit] National citizenship
Generally citizenship is seen as the relationship between an individual and a particular nation. In ancient Greece, the main political entity was the city-state, and citizens were members of particular city-states. In the past five hundred years, with the rise of the nation-state, citizenship is most closely identified with being a member of a particular nation. To some extent, certain entities cross national boundaries such as trade organizations, non-governmental organizations as well as multi-national corporations, and sometimes the term "citizen of the world" applies in the sense of people having less ties to a particular nation and more of a sense of belonging to the world in general.
In modern times, citizenship policy is divided between jus sanguinis ("right of blood") and jus soli ("right of soil") nations. A jus sanguinis policy grants citizenship based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe. A jus soli policy grants citizenship to anyone born on the territory of the state, a policy practiced by many countries in the Americas. Many countries have a hybrid birthright requirement of local nativity and citizenship of at least one parent.
Citizenship can also commonly be obtained through marriage to a person holding the citizenship (jure matrimonii), or through naturalization.
Further information: Nationality law
[edit] International citizenship
In recent years, some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level,[2] where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.
[edit] Commonwealth citizenship
The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries:
Some such countries do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
In some Commonwealth countries resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the right to vote in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.
In some instances the right to work in any position (including the civil service) is granted, except for certain specific positions (e.g. defense, Governor-General or President, Prime Minister).
Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to 'the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom.
Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the Irish Free State was the first to introduce its own citizenship (However, Irish citizens were still treated as subjects of the Crown, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth; Murray v Parkes [1942] All ER 123). The Canadian Citizenship Act which came into effect on January 1, 1947 provided for a distinct Canadian Citizenship, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada (with certain exceptions) and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of Commonwealth citizenship was introduced in 1948 in the British Nationality Act 1948. Other Dominions adopted this principle, in New Zealand, in the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948. Citizenship has replaced allegiance, a more than symbolic change.
[edit] European Union (EU) citizenship
Main article: Citizenship of the European Union
The Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of citizenship of the European Union. Article 17 (1) of the Treaty on European Union (consolidated version) states that
Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship.[3]
The amended EC Treaty[3] establishes certain minimal rights for EU citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guarantees a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provides a limited right to free movement and residence in Member States other than that of which the EU citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights.
Union citizens have also extensive rights to move in order to exercise economic activity in any of the Member States (Articles 39, 43, 49 EC), which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.
[edit] Subnational citizenship
Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of Swiss citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation. Another example is Åland where the residents enjoy a special provincial citizenship within Finland, hembygdsrätt.
The United States has a system of dual citizenship where one is a citizen of the state of residence as well as a citizen of the United States. State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the US Constitution and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service (each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization).
[edit] History
The concept of citizenship arose with the first laws.
[edit] Polis citizenship
Main article: Polis
The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. In those days citizenship was not seen as a public matter, separated from the private life of the individual person. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one’s everyday life in the polis. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.
However, an important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity. Citizenship in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Medieval cities that practiced polis citizenship, was exclusive and inequality of status was widely accepted. Citizens had a much higher status than non-citizens: Women, slaves or ‘barbarians’. For example, women were seen to be irrational and incapable of political participation (although some, most notably Plato, disagreed). Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth (the amount of taxes one paid), political participation, or heritage (both parents had to be born in the polis).
In the Roman Empire, polis citizenship changed form: Citizenship was expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Citizenship in the Roman era was no longer a status of political agency; it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law. (See Civis romanus sum.)
[edit] Medieval and early modern citizenship
During European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities, see burgher, Great Burgher and Bourgeoisie. Nobility used to have privileges above commoners (see aristocracy), but the French Revolution and other revolutions revoked these privileges and made citizens.
[edit] Honorary citizenship
Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.
By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, honorary United States citizenship has been awarded to only seven individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires the unanimous approval of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985, Nelson Mandela in 2001, the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso in 2006, Aung San Suu Kyi in 2007 and Prince Karim Aga Khan in 2009.
In 2002 South Korea awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football (soccer) coach Guus Hiddink who successfully and unexpectedly took the national team to the semi-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to Hines Ward, a black Korean American football player, in 2006 for his efforts to minimize discrimination in Korea against half-Koreans.
American actress Angelina Jolie received an honorary Cambodian citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts. Cricketers Matthew Hayden and Herschelle Gibbs were awarded honorary citizenship of St. Kitts and Nevis in March 2007 due to their record-breaking innings in the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
In Germany the honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honoured, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town, or state. In the case of war criminals, all such honours were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946. In some cases, honorary citizenship was taken away from members of the former GDR regime, e.g. Erich Honecker, after the collapse of the GDR in 1989/90.[citation needed]
In Ireland, "honorary citizenship" bestowed on a foreigner is in fact full legal citizenship including the right to reside in Ireland, to vote etc.
According to the Chapter II, Article 29, Paragraph 'e)' of the Cuban Constitution, Cuban citizens by birth are those foreigners who, by virtue of their exceptional merits won in the struggles for Cuba’s liberation, were considered Cuban citizens by birth.[4] Che Guevara was made an honorary citizen of Cuba by Fidel Castro for his part in the Cuban Revolution, of which Guevara later renounced in his well known farewell letter.[5]
Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their population, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other sections of the population, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was Athens where slaves, women, and resident foreigners (called metics) were excluded from political rights. The Roman Republic forms another example (see Roman citizenship), and, more recently, the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had some of the same characteristics.
個人英文實在有夠爛!為了個Citizenship 花了近一小時!
主要IOM &ˇACGME在2008 年交Sandford 與UCLA,檢討2003年的住院醫師工時限為80 小時,與對病患安全關係文章,提到自紐約州立法--Libby zion Law,就有強大Citizenship 對美國OSHA(Occupational Safety andHealth Adminstration)要訂出規範,但OSHA皆以醫師養成教育不如十輪貨車駕駛或飛機駕駛,可能比擬,可是參院又議決了紐約州法案,所以才有ACGME & IOM在2003 年訂出規範,當然住院醫師是教學醫院重要勞力來源,為填補住院醫師公時 減少,美國參院預算委員會的Medicare預算每年多支出1.1-1.6 billian ,同時要求住院醫師訓練課程必須有Recognize fatigue的課程安排與Supervise setting 改變......等等,
台灣住院醫師值班減少,實習醫師還不是勞保,?(那打工學生雇主不加入勞保,雇主還須受罰),怎麼醫學生就是學保了呢?
台灣法律您說奇怪不奇怪?不論住院醫師或主治醫師及開業醫師,納了勞保費(政府強制納保的社會安全法之一),為甚麼卻沒應有保障,?全聯會加加油,勳章到地攤就買的到!衛生署醫政處為國人健康與安全著想,少些政治思維,應該拿出專業道德勇氣,作官是一時的,絕非前署長名言:---學術是一時的 ,作人是一世的,,,,,...
引言回覆:Citizenship is the state of being a citizen of a particular social, political, national, or human resource community. Citizenship status, under social contract theory, carries with it both rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was equated by Virginia Leary (1999) as connoting "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations."[1] The group of all citizens is the citizenry.
Contents
[hide] 1 National citizenship
2 International citizenship 2.1 Commonwealth citizenship
2.2 European Union (EU) citizenship
3 Subnational citizenship
4 History 4.1 Polis citizenship
4.2 Medieval and early modern citizenship
5 Honorary citizenship
6 Citizenship education 6.1 United Kingdom
6.2 Ireland
6.3 Nova Scotia
7 Responsibilities or duties of citizenship
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit] National citizenship
Generally citizenship is seen as the relationship between an individual and a particular nation. In ancient Greece, the main political entity was the city-state, and citizens were members of particular city-states. In the past five hundred years, with the rise of the nation-state, citizenship is most closely identified with being a member of a particular nation. To some extent, certain entities cross national boundaries such as trade organizations, non-governmental organizations as well as multi-national corporations, and sometimes the term "citizen of the world" applies in the sense of people having less ties to a particular nation and more of a sense of belonging to the world in general.
In modern times, citizenship policy is divided between jus sanguinis ("right of blood") and jus soli ("right of soil") nations. A jus sanguinis policy grants citizenship based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe. A jus soli policy grants citizenship to anyone born on the territory of the state, a policy practiced by many countries in the Americas. Many countries have a hybrid birthright requirement of local nativity and citizenship of at least one parent.
Citizenship can also commonly be obtained through marriage to a person holding the citizenship (jure matrimonii), or through naturalization.
Further information: Nationality law
[edit] International citizenship
In recent years, some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level,[2] where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.
[edit] Commonwealth citizenship
The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries:
Some such countries do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
In some Commonwealth countries resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the right to vote in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.
In some instances the right to work in any position (including the civil service) is granted, except for certain specific positions (e.g. defense, Governor-General or President, Prime Minister).
Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to 'the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom.
Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the Irish Free State was the first to introduce its own citizenship (However, Irish citizens were still treated as subjects of the Crown, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth; Murray v Parkes [1942] All ER 123). The Canadian Citizenship Act which came into effect on January 1, 1947 provided for a distinct Canadian Citizenship, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada (with certain exceptions) and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of Commonwealth citizenship was introduced in 1948 in the British Nationality Act 1948. Other Dominions adopted this principle, in New Zealand, in the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948. Citizenship has replaced allegiance, a more than symbolic change.
[edit] European Union (EU) citizenship
Main article: Citizenship of the European Union
The Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of citizenship of the European Union. Article 17 (1) of the Treaty on European Union (consolidated version) states that
Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship.[3]
The amended EC Treaty[3] establishes certain minimal rights for EU citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guarantees a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provides a limited right to free movement and residence in Member States other than that of which the EU citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights.
Union citizens have also extensive rights to move in order to exercise economic activity in any of the Member States (Articles 39, 43, 49 EC), which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.
[edit] Subnational citizenship
Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of Swiss citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation. Another example is Åland where the residents enjoy a special provincial citizenship within Finland, hembygdsrätt.
The United States has a system of dual citizenship where one is a citizen of the state of residence as well as a citizen of the United States. State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the US Constitution and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service (each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization).
[edit] History
The concept of citizenship arose with the first laws.
[edit] Polis citizenship
Main article: Polis
The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. In those days citizenship was not seen as a public matter, separated from the private life of the individual person. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one’s everyday life in the polis. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.
However, an important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity. Citizenship in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Medieval cities that practiced polis citizenship, was exclusive and inequality of status was widely accepted. Citizens had a much higher status than non-citizens: Women, slaves or ‘barbarians’. For example, women were seen to be irrational and incapable of political participation (although some, most notably Plato, disagreed). Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth (the amount of taxes one paid), political participation, or heritage (both parents had to be born in the polis).
In the Roman Empire, polis citizenship changed form: Citizenship was expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Citizenship in the Roman era was no longer a status of political agency; it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law. (See Civis romanus sum.)
[edit] Medieval and early modern citizenship
During European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities, see burgher, Great Burgher and Bourgeoisie. Nobility used to have privileges above commoners (see aristocracy), but the French Revolution and other revolutions revoked these privileges and made citizens.
[edit] Honorary citizenship
Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.
By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, honorary United States citizenship has been awarded to only seven individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires the unanimous approval of Parliament. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985, Nelson Mandela in 2001, the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso in 2006, Aung San Suu Kyi in 2007 and Prince Karim Aga Khan in 2009.
In 2002 South Korea awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football (soccer) coach Guus Hiddink who successfully and unexpectedly took the national team to the semi-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to Hines Ward, a black Korean American football player, in 2006 for his efforts to minimize discrimination in Korea against half-Koreans.
American actress Angelina Jolie received an honorary Cambodian citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts. Cricketers Matthew Hayden and Herschelle Gibbs were awarded honorary citizenship of St. Kitts and Nevis in March 2007 due to their record-breaking innings in the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
In Germany the honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honoured, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town, or state. In the case of war criminals, all such honours were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946. In some cases, honorary citizenship was taken away from members of the former GDR regime, e.g. Erich Honecker, after the collapse of the GDR in 1989/90.[citation needed]
In Ireland, "honorary citizenship" bestowed on a foreigner is in fact full legal citizenship including the right to reside in Ireland, to vote etc.
According to the Chapter II, Article 29, Paragraph 'e)' of the Cuban Constitution, Cuban citizens by birth are those foreigners who, by virtue of their exceptional merits won in the struggles for Cuba’s liberation, were considered Cuban citizens by birth.[4] Che Guevara was made an honorary citizen of Cuba by Fidel Castro for his part in the Cuban Revolution, of which Guevara later renounced in his well known farewell letter.[5]
Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their population, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other sections of the population, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was Athens where slaves, women, and resident foreigners (called metics) were excluded from political rights. The Roman Republic forms another example (see Roman citizenship), and, more recently, the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had some of the same characteristics.
-
施肇榮
- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
立法院立的法要能夠施行newshine 寫:二代健保
納入受刑人之後
總額會依照人口加權方式來增加嗎
(咦) (咦) (咦)
那部分負擔是怎樣計算呢
(咦)
還要衛生署 + 健保局制定相關的子法規
目前這些子法規還在陸續的制定中
在目前高風險的時代,只願能:[北風北安全下庄]
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
了解施肇榮 寫:立法院立的法要能夠施行newshine 寫:二代健保
納入受刑人之後
總額會依照人口加權方式來增加嗎
(咦) (咦) (咦)
那部分負擔是怎樣計算呢
(咦)
還要衛生署 + 健保局制定相關的子法規
目前這些子法規還在陸續的制定中
謝謝
唉
也就是說目前還沒有施行細則
所以還不清楚狀況囉
(石化) (石化) (石化)
-
施肇榮
- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
二代健保有問題的法條還不少newshine 寫:了解施肇榮 寫:立法院立的法要能夠施行newshine 寫:二代健保
納入受刑人之後
總額會依照人口加權方式來增加嗎
(咦) (咦) (咦)
那部分負擔是怎樣計算呢
(咦)
還要衛生署 + 健保局制定相關的子法規
目前這些子法規還在陸續的制定中
謝謝
唉
也就是說目前還沒有施行細則
所以還不清楚狀況囉
(石化) (石化) (石化)
一般修法後都會等到執行上有問題才會再修正
在此之前，立法委員都不會承認自己的錯誤
在目前高風險的時代,只願能:[北風北安全下庄]
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
施肇榮 寫:二代健保有問題的法條還不少newshine 寫:了解施肇榮 寫:立法院立的法要能夠施行newshine 寫:二代健保
納入受刑人之後
總額會依照人口加權方式來增加嗎
(咦) (咦) (咦)
那部分負擔是怎樣計算呢
(咦)
還要衛生署 + 健保局制定相關的子法規
目前這些子法規還在陸續的制定中
謝謝
唉
也就是說目前還沒有施行細則
所以還不清楚狀況囉
(石化) (石化) (石化)
一般修法後都會等到執行上有問題才會再修正
在此之前，立法委員都不會承認自己的錯誤
這
這
唉
真的是有夠專業的立法了
(失魂) (失魂)
-
X-MAN
- 部長級
- 文章: 7012
- 註冊時間: 週六 9月 09, 2006 5:11 pm
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
李誠民
教導這句話承擔不起,我的想法基本上是與你相同,唯一不同是,執政者之所以對醫療團體特別是醫師能如此不尊重不給予應有如同其他人民享有的權利是來自人民多數認同或不反對,我不認為這是民粹,而是人民普遍水準就是如此.
看到劉姍姍,與何曉鳳例子讓我驚訝,回想執政者能對我們差別待遇又能得逞,就了然於心.
我認為醫師的苦日子還沒結束,仍舊漫漫長路有待克服.
X-Man 先生您好!謝謝教導
個人英文實在有夠爛!為了個Citizenship 花了近一小時!
主要IOM &ˇACGME在2008 年交Sandford 與UCLA,檢討2003年的住院醫師工時限為80 小時,與對病患安全關係文章,提到自紐約州立法--Libby zion Law,就有強大Citizenship 對美國OSHA(Occupational Safety andHealth Adminstration)要訂出規範,但OSHA皆以醫師養成教育不如十輪貨車駕駛或飛機駕駛,可能比擬,可是參院又議決了紐約州法案,所以才有ACGME & IOM在2003 年訂出規範,當然住院醫師是教學醫院重要勞力來源,為填補住院醫師公時 減少,美國參院預算委員會的Medicare預算每年多支出1.1-1.6 billian ,同時要求住院醫師訓練課程必須有Recognize fatigue的課程安排與Supervise setting 改變......等等,
台灣住院醫師值班減少,實習醫師還不是勞保,?(那打工學生雇主不加入勞保,雇主還須受罰),怎麼醫學生就是學保了呢?
台灣法律您說奇怪不奇怪?不論住院醫師或主治醫師及開業醫師,納了勞保費(政府強制納保的社會安全法之一),為甚麼卻沒應有保障,?全聯會加加油,勳章到地攤就買的到!衛生署醫政處為國人健康與安全著想,少些政治思維,應該拿出專業道德勇氣,作官是一時的,絕非前署長名言:---學術是一時的 ,作人是一世的,,,,,...
教導這句話承擔不起,我的想法基本上是與你相同,唯一不同是,執政者之所以對醫療團體特別是醫師能如此不尊重不給予應有如同其他人民享有的權利是來自人民多數認同或不反對,我不認為這是民粹,而是人民普遍水準就是如此.
看到劉姍姍,與何曉鳳例子讓我驚訝,回想執政者能對我們差別待遇又能得逞,就了然於心.
我認為醫師的苦日子還沒結束,仍舊漫漫長路有待克服.
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李誠民
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
X-Man先生您好!謝謝指教!
"......唯一不同是,執政者之所以對醫療團體特別是醫師能如此不尊重不給予應有如同其他人民享有的權利是來自人民多數認同或不反對,我不認為這是民粹,而是人民普遍水準就是如此."
"民粹主義（英語：populism，又譯平民主義）意指平民論者所擁護的政治與經濟信條",我不是學政治的,但我老師告訴我---醫師不能沒政治觀與經濟關(尤其腎臟科醫師)
Citizenship是公民權?OSHA不是美國關於職業安全與健康維護的專業組織?
"值得注意的是，並不是所有進行民粹主義式活動的政治人物都是真正的民粹主義者，菁英主義者也會誤導平民主義。有些政治人物也會採行民粹主義式的政治語言，他們被批評為只是利用民粹主義式的政治語言當作組織的策略，而實際上，並無意也無心做平民的代表。甚至在二十世紀末的某些國家，民粹常被菁英主義者視為是挑動族群衝突、以獲取政治利益的代名詞。"---台灣不就是長期操作藍綠 統獨,兩黨都為選票,執政方式都一樣,有顧及國人福祉嗎?
當然本網站也有以法西斯主義來形容台灣政治,但是目前世界上還有法西斯政權嗎?--利比亞等茉莉花革命國家???
當然也有人說:台灣是共產主義國家,但是世界上也只有北韓與古巴(?古巴也變了),共產主義我的定義就是製造矛盾,與階級鬥爭,吃"大鍋飯"--均貧的共產國家,台灣健保制度不就是這種制度,;製造透析與非透析醫師間矛盾(人民與雨論誤解),基層與醫院間矛盾,.....等等,再由一些所謂專家---前署長楊某人就是最好例子,製造階級對立與鬥爭,來混淆視聽,當然政客就為選舉,哪管國人福祉?
政府是一貫的,政府有不可逃避的責任---正確教育國民,醫師亦然;..........至少現代民主法治的先進國家都是 如此
.....人民普遍水準就是如此."????有甚麼樣的政府,國民水準就一樣,但國民是無辜的
"......唯一不同是,執政者之所以對醫療團體特別是醫師能如此不尊重不給予應有如同其他人民享有的權利是來自人民多數認同或不反對,我不認為這是民粹,而是人民普遍水準就是如此."
"民粹主義（英語：populism，又譯平民主義）意指平民論者所擁護的政治與經濟信條",我不是學政治的,但我老師告訴我---醫師不能沒政治觀與經濟關(尤其腎臟科醫師)
Citizenship是公民權?OSHA不是美國關於職業安全與健康維護的專業組織?
"值得注意的是，並不是所有進行民粹主義式活動的政治人物都是真正的民粹主義者，菁英主義者也會誤導平民主義。有些政治人物也會採行民粹主義式的政治語言，他們被批評為只是利用民粹主義式的政治語言當作組織的策略，而實際上，並無意也無心做平民的代表。甚至在二十世紀末的某些國家，民粹常被菁英主義者視為是挑動族群衝突、以獲取政治利益的代名詞。"---台灣不就是長期操作藍綠 統獨,兩黨都為選票,執政方式都一樣,有顧及國人福祉嗎?
當然本網站也有以法西斯主義來形容台灣政治,但是目前世界上還有法西斯政權嗎?--利比亞等茉莉花革命國家???
當然也有人說:台灣是共產主義國家,但是世界上也只有北韓與古巴(?古巴也變了),共產主義我的定義就是製造矛盾,與階級鬥爭,吃"大鍋飯"--均貧的共產國家,台灣健保制度不就是這種制度,;製造透析與非透析醫師間矛盾(人民與雨論誤解),基層與醫院間矛盾,.....等等,再由一些所謂專家---前署長楊某人就是最好例子,製造階級對立與鬥爭,來混淆視聽,當然政客就為選舉,哪管國人福祉?
政府是一貫的,政府有不可逃避的責任---正確教育國民,醫師亦然;..........至少現代民主法治的先進國家都是 如此
.....人民普遍水準就是如此."????有甚麼樣的政府,國民水準就一樣,但國民是無辜的
-
X-MAN
- 部長級
- 文章: 7012
- 註冊時間: 週六 9月 09, 2006 5:11 pm
Re: 參加內科醫學年會感言---二代健保說明會
指教,不敢當,所謂台灣不就是長期操作藍綠 統獨,兩黨都為選票,執政方式都一樣,有顧及國人福祉嗎? 統獨議題是主權議題,我不認為是操作,而是這議題太重要幾乎凌駕所有其他議題,也因為如此很多議題受不到關注.換句話說這議題也是攸關國人福祉.
至於法西斯解釋如下,像不像國民黨政權就自有公評.
至於楊署長就不值一提.
國民是否無辜,在現在資訊如此發達,我是質疑的.
至於法西斯解釋如下,像不像國民黨政權就自有公評.
至於楊署長就不值一提.
國民是否無辜,在現在資訊如此發達,我是質疑的.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FascismFascism ( /ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology.[1][2] Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood.[3] To achieve this, fascists purge forces, ideas, people, and systems deemed to be the cause of decadence and degeneration.[3] Fascists advocate the creation of a totalitarian single-party state that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation through indoctrination, physical education, discipline and family policy (such as eugenics).[4][5] That state is led by a supreme leader who exercises a dictatorship over the fascist movement, the government and other state institutions Fascist governments forbid and suppress opposition.[7]
李誠民
X-Man先生您好!謝謝指教!
"......唯一不同是,執政者之所以對醫療團體特別是醫師能如此不尊重不給予應有如同其他人民享有的權利是來自人民多數認同或不反對,我不認為這是民粹,而是人民普遍水準就是如此."
"民粹主義（英語：populism，又譯平民主義）意指平民論者所擁護的政治與經濟信條",我不是學政治的,但我老師告訴我---醫師不能沒政治觀與經濟關(尤其腎臟科醫師)
Citizenship是公民權?OSHA不是美國關於職業安全與健康維護的專業組織?
"值得注意的是，並不是所有進行民粹主義式活動的政治人物都是真正的民粹主義者，菁英主義者也會誤導平民主義。有些政治人物也會採行民粹主義式的政治語言，他們被批評為只是利用民粹主義式的政治語言當作組織的策略，而實際上，並無意也無心做平民的代表。甚至在二十世紀末的某些國家，民粹常被菁英主義者視為是挑動族群衝突、以獲取政治利益的代名詞。"---台灣不就是長期操作藍綠 統獨,兩黨都為選票,執政方式都一樣,有顧及國人福祉嗎?
當然本網站也有以法西斯主義來形容台灣政治,但是目前世界上還有法西斯政權嗎?--利比亞等茉莉花革命國家???
當然也有人說:台灣是共產主義國家,但是世界上也只有北韓與古巴(?古巴也變了),共產主義我的定義就是製造矛盾,與階級鬥爭,吃"大鍋飯"--均貧的共產國家,台灣健保制度不就是這種制度,;製造透析與非透析醫師間矛盾(人民與雨論誤解),基層與醫院間矛盾,.....等等,再由一些所謂專家---前署長楊某人就是最好例子,製造階級對立與鬥爭,來混淆視聽,當然政客就為選舉,哪管國人福祉?
政府是一貫的,政府有不可逃避的責任---正確教育國民,醫師亦然;..........至少現代民主法治的先進國家都是 如此
.....人民普遍水準就是如此."????有甚麼樣的政府,國民水準就一樣,但國民是無辜的