1. law.moj.gov.tw
由於此網站的設置,我們無法提供該頁面的具體描述
欲辦理安寧意願註記健保卡,
請下載『修改版 預立安寧緩和醫療暨維生醫療抉擇意願書1021101印刷版.pdf』填寫!
注意事項
1.一定為本人親自書寫,或是由明文委託之醫療委任代理人填寫,以表達疾病末期選擇不急救之意願。
2.下載填寫完成意願人、二位見證人資料後,請將第一聯正本寄回本會,第二聯副本請自行保留。
3.當您寄出20天後,可來電本會查詢進度,或逕至醫院批價掛號櫃檯 進行與中央健康保險署電腦連線更新健保卡資料,若資料無誤即可註記於健保IC卡上。
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若當事人未簽署預立安寧緩和醫療暨維生抉擇意願書,
面臨疾病末期且無法表達意願的狀態時,
可由家屬簽署以下兩款同意書。
(因非本人意願簽署,所以該文件不提供註記健保卡)
不施行心肺復甦術同意書.pdf
不施行維生醫療同意書.pdf
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若簽署者因特別因素無法於當下決定簽署,可事先委任代理人,
未來可由代理人代為進行意願書之簽署或撤回。
DNR不等於安寧緩和醫療 - 中華民國醫師公會全國聯合會
TAIWAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 醫事廣場 2008, Vol.51, No.4 39 參考文獻 1.行政院衛生署:安寧緩和醫療條例。醫療管理法規。2001: 307-312。2.陳榮基:日本的安寧照顧。心身醫學雜誌1994;5:8-20。3.戴正德、李明濱(編著) :醫學倫理導論,.台北,教育部---這是神經科醫師--陳榮基登載在"醫界通訊"文; 有前理事長--李明濱著作(我沒看!!!).......
FDA Denies Hope for Dying Kids, and Other Abuses Waged(wage是指時薪) Against Families Struggling to Help Their Ailing體衰的 Children
March 25, 2014 | 101,495 views
• The FDA is condemning 宣告……不適用(不完善等)children to death by refusing to allow them access to experimental cancer treatments, even though it has the authority to grant such access to terminal patients who have not responded to conventional treatment
• Six years ago, 10-year-old Braiden was enrolled in a clinical trial for his incurable brain tumor. The “experimental” drug Antineoplaston (ANP) was the sole treating agent. He went into full remission, and suffered no toxic side effects
• An MRI recently revealed Braiden’s tumor has reoccurred. The FDA is now refusing to allow Braiden to go back on ANP even though the treatment has already proven its efficacy through his previous remission
• Many other terminal patients are also being prevented from accessing ANP. The only available remedy that could possibly act in time to save these children is a political response to the indifference of the FDA
• The ANP Coalition〕 (ANPC) has been formed for the purpose of organizing the parents of these children to launch a political campaign to allow them access to ANP
The Great Cancer Hoax欺騙;愚弄: The Brilliant Cure the FDA Tried Their Best to Shut Down...
June 11, 2011 | 776,187 views
• Dr. Stanislaw Burzynski won the largest and possibly most convoluted legal battle against the FDA in American history over his remarkable cancer treatment, and his story is presented in detail in the film
• He discovered antineoplastons, nontoxic peptides and amino acid derivatives that act as molecular switches capable of turning on cancer, suppressing genes, and turning off oncogenes (cancer genes). In a simplistic way, antineoplastons are to cancer what a broad-spectrum antibiotic is to infectious disease
• Dr. Burzynski's patients who received antineoplaston treatment significantly outlived cancer patients who received conventional chemotherapy drugs, such as Cisplatin and Doxorubicin
• His cancer treatment surpassed all other treatments on the market and was met with enormous opposition from conventional medicine because it threatened the entire paradigm (and profits) of the cancer industry
The Great Cancer Hoax Part II: The Brilliant Cure the FDA Tried Their Best to Shut Down...
September 19, 2011 | 387,330 views
• For years, the FDA tried to shut down Dr. Burzynski's alternative cancer practice, using non-toxic antineoplastons to treat highly lethal cancers with a success rate of 50-60 percent.---事實上,效果5-20%
• The conventional medical approach is to "search and destroy" cancer cells using surgery, extremely potent toxins and dangerous radiation.
• Most of the conventional treatments still considered 'standard care' were created during a time when knowledge of cancer was minimal
我們的安寧緩和治療卻變成洗不洗(透析)腎,我參加腎臟科年會都有這類題目.....--醫療倫理與透析之類!!!......
相當討厭, 又不得不上(有學分?!.....整場在鬼扯!!!).............
安寧緩和治療條例
版主: 版主021
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- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
因為我是醫師,所以懂得安寧緩和法(尤其腎臟科醫師)的權利,法是僵硬的 死板的!!!可是醫療是有人性的--Humannity!!法式落後國家的象徵!!!
所以我都簽同意書, 但是護理師困擾了; 連住院醫師也許都不懂?!.........
不施行心肺復甦術同意書.pdf
不施行維生醫療同意書.pdf; 這些都是剝奪醫師基本權利, 所以健保要不要住記,就慘生了問題, 何況健保卡改變是多大工程(--牽連50-60萬人?)
一定為本人親自書寫,或是由明文委託之醫療委任代理人填寫,以表達疾病末期選擇不急救之意願。
2.下載填寫完成意願人、二位見證人資料後,請將第一聯正本寄回本會,第二聯副本請自行保留
政府財政困難,一般有知識的國民都清楚,; 但是要怪在長期透析(末期腎病---科技進步帶來的延長有意義 有尊嚴的生命!!!); 那台灣有健保資源(?改名衛福部就救得了台灣財政嗎?!),; 學者(包過中研院長, 台大校長)要有學術風範 良心!!!.......
所以我都簽同意書, 但是護理師困擾了; 連住院醫師也許都不懂?!.........
不施行心肺復甦術同意書.pdf
不施行維生醫療同意書.pdf; 這些都是剝奪醫師基本權利, 所以健保要不要住記,就慘生了問題, 何況健保卡改變是多大工程(--牽連50-60萬人?)
一定為本人親自書寫,或是由明文委託之醫療委任代理人填寫,以表達疾病末期選擇不急救之意願。
2.下載填寫完成意願人、二位見證人資料後,請將第一聯正本寄回本會,第二聯副本請自行保留
政府財政困難,一般有知識的國民都清楚,; 但是要怪在長期透析(末期腎病---科技進步帶來的延長有意義 有尊嚴的生命!!!); 那台灣有健保資源(?改名衛福部就救得了台灣財政嗎?!),; 學者(包過中研院長, 台大校長)要有學術風範 良心!!!.......
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- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
李誠民 寫:因為我是醫師,所以懂得安寧緩和法(尤其腎臟科醫師)的權利,法是僵硬的 死板的!!!可是醫療是有人性的--Humannity!!法式落後國家的象徵!!!
所以我都簽同意書, 但是護理師困擾了; 連住院醫師也許都不懂?!.........
不施行心肺復甦術同意書.pdf
不施行維生醫療同意書.pdf; 這些都是剝奪醫師基本權利, 所以健保要不要住記,就慘生了問題, 何況健保卡改變是多大工程(--牽連50-60萬人?)
一定為本人親自書寫,或是由明文委託之醫療委任代理人填寫,以表達疾病末期選擇不急救之意願。
2.下載填寫完成意願人、二位見證人資料後,請將第一聯正本寄回本會,第二聯副本請自行保留
政府財政困難,一般有知識的國民都清楚,; 但是要怪在長期透析(末期腎病---科技進步帶來的延長有意義 有尊嚴的生命!!!); 那台灣有健保資源(?改名衛福部就救得了台灣財政嗎?!),; 學者(包過中研院長, 台大校長)要有學術風範 良心!!!.......
醫師要不要,該不該救人
是義務,絕對不是權利
千萬不要把醫學倫理與法律義務搞混
在目前高風險的時代,只願能:[北風北安全下庄]
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- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
謝謝施醫師的指教!!...我想請問 兩個有關安寧緩和治療的最基本問題::
1.病人是否有拒絕治療的權利?
2.什麼是有尊嚴的死亡(Diginity die)?
應該在台灣都是公共議題,而還未有法規範!!!
1.病人是否有拒絕治療的權利?
2.什麼是有尊嚴的死亡(Diginity die)?
應該在台灣都是公共議題,而還未有法規範!!!
-
- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
試試看一看以下的翻譯:李誠民 寫:謝謝施醫師的指教!!...我想請問 兩個有關安寧緩和治療的最基本問題::
1.病人是否有拒絕治療的權利?
2.什麼是有尊嚴的死亡(Diginity die)?
應該在台灣都是公共議題,而還未有法規範!!!
腦死者不等於屍體 -- 鄭逸哲* 譯﹑導言
一﹑ 譯者導言
暫時撇開法人不談,就現行法而言,並無所謂「死人」,毋寧只有屍體的概念 。也就因此,當法律出現「人」的字眼時,均是指活人,而且只有活人才能享有權利能力民法第六條規定:「人之權利能力,始於出生,終於死亡」。
當現代法治國的法體系循權利本位而展開,則如何在法律上判定一個人是生是死,即屬法學最根本且最重要的課題之一。因為,在死亡的一剎那間,不獨意謂著活人變成屍體,更是權利能力的消滅,也因此權利主體不復存在。對判斷死亡的標準,我們法律人可能在大一初上民法總則時,就「很自然地」接受腦死(Hirntod)的「通說」。和其他通說所不同者,相對於這種通說,似乎完全不存在少數說。換言之,以腦死作為死亡判斷的依據就像是「自明的公理」幾乎沒有法律人對它有所質疑。在這種情況下,就是在法律上,把腦死者和屍體實質劃上等號。
將「腦死者=屍體」視為法律上的自明,不只在我們這,在德國亦然。而且,兩地的法律人幾乎同樣完全沒有意識到:雖然法學一再直接訴諸醫學來正當化腦死論,但醫學卻始終未明白主張「腦死者=屍體」,因為這根本不是醫學所能和所要回答的問題。更精確地說,醫學從未如法學斷言「腦死=死亡」,充其量從一般人使用語言的習慣來看它只是「不當地」把「腦死」當成指示腦功能終止狀態的術語,令人產生誤解。
無論如何,「腦死者=屍體」已深植於法律人的心中,但是,若從人類學﹑從生物學﹑從醫學﹑從史學,乃至於從法學本身的角度加以根本反省,這樣的命題很難成立。於是,以下十二名德國學者,於一九九五年五月聯名發表一篇名為「反對將腦死病患和屍體等同視之(Gegen die Gleichsetzung hirntoter Patienten mit Leichen ) 」的文章,加以反對:
Hans-Ulrich Gallwas (公法教授)﹑Gerd Geilen (刑法教授)﹑Linus Geisler (醫學教授)﹑Inge Gorynia (神經病理學醫師)﹑Wolfram Höfling (憲法及行政法教授)﹑Johannes Hoff (神學基礎理論研究者)﹑Martin Klein (神經科專業醫師)﹑Dietmar Mieth (神學教授)﹑Stephan Rixen (犯罪學者)﹑Gerhard Roth (神經學教授)﹑Jürgen in der Schmitten (基礎醫學教授)﹑Jean-Pierre Wils (神學教授)。
上述的那篇文章即是稍後譯者所要介紹給讀者的,但為了符合中文上的使用習慣,譯者「自作主張」將題目改為「腦死者不等於屍體」特此聲明。
促使這十二名學者聯名發表這篇文章的主要動機,雖然是為了表達他們就德國器官移植法(Transplantationsgesetz)的共同立場,但其內容,事實上是根本批判為法律人所普遍「信仰」的「腦死者=屍體」。他們主要強調:腦死者固然是「死亡中的人(der Sterbende)」,但絕不是「死人」(=屍體);腦死者作為權利主體不容否認簡言之,腦死者不僅不是屍體,更是活人!至於其論證的理由,請逕行閱讀以下的原文翻譯,在此不宜多加敘述,否則只是重覆原文,因為原文已十分精簡。
最後要說明一下,以下原文翻譯部分,在( )間的文字﹑符號和數字均為原文所原有,而數字是表示原文參考文獻 的代號。至於,在< >間的文字,則是譯者為方便讀者閱讀而添加。
二﹑原文翻譯
I.
為了正當化腦死的觀念,或謂:「根本的」人性﹑人的「靈魂(Seele)」或「精神(Geist)」唯獨在腦(1, 28)。這樣把人的生命簡化為人腦的作用,在人類學上是有問題的。
在腦不發生作用之後,即不再能觀察到意識表達(Bewußtseinsäußerungen),但還是不能因此就斷言一個人的存在已結束。一個(不省人事的)人是否有感覺和有什麼感覺,不應該從客觀上加以回答,因為這個問題涉及主觀的經受(Erleben)。舉例來說,我們通常能把一個人的特定且在感官上可理解的身體狀態指為主觀「痛楚(Schmerz)」感覺的表現。即使如此,我們對腦死的判斷仍陷於模稜兩可(12, 21)。痛楚反應外,腦死病患是否尚附隨有某種主觀感覺,對回答這個問題,不得全然訴諸客觀而描述性的自然科學。<因為,>將科學上所可描述的界限逕行作為事實的界限,是大有問題的。
要將一種腦死者的「腦」狀態從其他(例如,因腦部病變或極度驚駭而)深度不省人事病患的根本區別出來,是非常困難的。由於欠缺明確的判定標準,被判定為不省人事的昏迷病患,在原則上,也可被判定為腦死的(8)。對於一個人,即使不認識其「最內在的感受」,我們仍然有尊重的義務。<即使是>依特別的標準,對於出現死亡附隨現象的昏迷病患,也應該考量上述的認知(15)。
II.
因此,有若干主張從生物學出發,來支持腦死<的觀念>:「一個人作為有機體(Organismus),他的死亡如同任何(!)生物的死亡是其作為功能單位(funktionelle Einheit)的結束,而非直到其身體所有部分死亡」(32)。如果,依照生物學的觀點,將有機體的整體存在才視為存在﹔反之,僅是個別器官的繼續存活和獨立的「精神」運作能力的繼續存在則非有機體的存在,這樣的生命理解是對的!不過,如果繼續主張,有機體的存在必須是整體的存在,則以下就是錯的:其結束是腦功能的更精確地說:無關意志的植物性腦幹(vegetativer Hirnstamm)的停擺。
再者,運用於維持腦器官(植物性)生存功能所必須的加強醫療方法(例如,呼吸裝置﹑荷爾蒙調節),其意義絕對超乎於使用於維持其他器官的植物性功能的(例如,心律調整器﹑荷爾蒙調節﹑新陳代謝調節,參閱19)。一方面對「意識」而言,另一方面就生物學上的有機體的生存功能來說,「中樞器官腦(Zentralorgan Gehirn)」這樣的看法是不容或缺的。這種看法應該可以和以「肉體(Kopf)」的作用作為判定人的存在的人概念相容。固然,基於現代生物學的觀點,仍然無法論證:為何應該視一種對生存重要的特定器官為對有機體的功能不可替代的「中樞器官」。從一個有機體的生存功能維持來看,腦在原則上是可替代的(ersetzbar)。
III.
在美國是這樣,在德國也是這樣,這樣的要求昇高:將腦死的概念「一以貫之地(konsequent)」延伸<適用>到其他不省人事的病患,乃至於部分腦死(Teilhirntod)的病患(關於「部分腦死」:美國部分,參閱29, 30;德國部分,參閱2, 14, 25)。若依照現行法所規定的腦死標準,很難提出強有力的論證來反駁下列的見解:「部分腦死和前述的(完全)腦死根本就是一回事」(17,並參閱18)。
從許多方面來說,完全腦死的觀念是矛盾的。首先,依普遍被接受的診斷方法,即使<腦>受損到達不可回向(Unumkehrbarkeit)(不可康復)<的程度>,也不容被判定為「整個(!)腦的功能終止」(32);因此,全然可以確定的是:診斷為腦死時,從未以整個腦的死亡為判定的依據(16, 22, 24, 29)。其次,以腦死的觀念來回答死亡主體的問題(「誰死了?」)只是曖昧的。如果以意識能力來定義人的生命,就不明白為什麼要以整個腦的逐漸死亡<為條件>。其一貫的<目的>,恐怕是認為其他不省人事的,乃至於腦部病變或極度驚駭而不省人事的病患,應該被宣告為死亡。反之,如果不將人的生命還原為意識表達的能力,則人的存在只是生物存在的一種,則以器官腦的逐漸死亡作為判定死亡的標準是不充分的(11, S. 176ff.)。
IV.
從醫學的專業,並不能論證腦死的標準,因為將「腦死」的醫學狀態評價為人的死亡並非醫生的特別權限。但是,一再聽到以下兩種說法:A. 一名腦死的人「只不過是人工地(künstlich)」維持其生命功能(3);和B. 把腦死和人死亡等同起來是不可避免的,否則人工呼吸器就不允許被移除。這些論調是引人誤解的,說得更清楚些,是錯誤的。
A. 一種器官功能是否「自然地(natürlich)」,亦即是否由肉體自動地運作,或者由加強醫療的方法加以支撐更精確地說,由人工性的「義器官(Prothese)」來替代,對於判斷一個人是生是死,毫無置喙的餘地。應該可以這麼說,「人工的」替代和維持正常的血壓﹑呼吸﹑解毒﹑排泄﹑心律調節等<手段>,毋寧是對生存權的強化。只要藉助於這樣的義器官就能保存作為獨立個體的有機體,就是一個人的生命繼續此不獨適用於腦死的病患,也適用於其他重病患者。
B. 就算用盡所有現在已知的診斷方法,也不能肯定整個腦功能停擺(16)。依照現行的標準,當特定人必然無法回復到清醒狀態,而且,必須依賴加強的醫療手段才能維持生命時,就容許斷言其為腦死。在這樣的情況下,繼續治療不符病患的利益,甚至意謂著對其死亡過程的不當介入。所以,在法上,不但容許,甚至完全同意將人工呼吸器從腦死病人移除(20)。
V.
若干人企圖從歷史的角度來支持腦死的標準。他們訴諸Xavier Bichat的「對死亡的生理學研究(Physiologische Untersuchungen über den Tod)」(1800年)﹑教宗庇護十二世(Papst Pius XII)的相關談話(1957年)和Mollaret及Goulen對腦死的首度描述(1959年)這些都是不正確的:
正確的是:法國籍的生理學家Xavier Bichat是將腦的逐漸死亡描述為分為十一個階段的死亡過程的第一階段,而最後的一個階段,Bichat稱之為「完全的死亡(allgemeiner Tod)」。在今天由強化醫療手段所可能維持的狀態,則被列為第三階段橫膈膜麻痺(Zwerchfellähmung)。Bichat明白表示,不贊成在有機體的無關意志的植物性生命能力問題上,對腦過度重視(參閱12, S. 331)。
若有機會看一下教宗庇護十二世就腦死討論<會議>所作的導言,就知道他清楚表示:他認為只在生命的功能因器械的移除而消逝後,死亡才發生。他並且建議:為無拯救可能性的腦受損者舉行塗病油的儀式(「臨終塗油禮(Letzte Ölung)」),因為依照天主教的教義,對無疑的死者是不得舉行這種儀式的(11, S. 171ff)。
Mollaret和Goulen在對腦死標準的首度描述中,明白說道:他們所描述的腦死病患的「倖存(Überleben)」,直到人工呼吸器和其餘的維繫生命器械被切斷後才「結束」(引述自11, S. 156和234)。從1959年的這篇狀況描述直到1968年將「不可能清醒的昏迷定義」為人的死亡,腦死病患在哈佛大學醫學院普遍被視為生存者,並加以治療(11, S. 154ff)。
IV.
過去,法,尤其是刑法,在毫無自己查驗的情況下,從醫學接受了腦死的標準。從向往十分欠缺<這方面的討論>,就可以得證(6, 7)。把腦死和人的死亡當成一回事的「通說」,似乎不必擔心會遭到反對。最近,在對腦死批判漸趨增強的壓力下,刑法學家和醫事法學家中,也有人開始嘗試對腦死的觀念提出自有的判斷標準和定義。
往昔,憲法則是不加思索地就從刑法接收腦死的標準並加以承認。當然,在憲法上,尚有一種於自有的人類學基本假設的腦死標準,即訴諸基本法第二條第二項第一句,將「人的生命」依附於人的意志性(「精神性」)作用能力(9, 10)。從基本權的理論來看,這是不對的。人的生命在基本法第二條第二項第一句中,其意義乃為人的存活事實(Lebensdigsein):「何時存在一種『存活事實』,完全取決於發生於人的肉體上的自然科學性(生物學和生理學性)事實」(5)。
鑒於現代生物學的有機體概念和<德國>聯邦憲法法院強調對生命的保護在模稜兩可時必須擴張地加以保障(in dubio pro vita, 參閱4)的情況下,必須將一名腦死的人斷定為生者。因此,腦死的人受到生存基本權的保護,在其生命的最後階段,在臨終時,不受到不正當的干預。
IIV.
雖然腦死的人是活的,但基於移植的目的而摘取生命重要器官,在道德上和憲法上,仍是有可能的。根本上,在嚴格條件限制下的同意,可以作為<合法>摘取的依據,詳言之,必須腦死而臨終者在其處於健康狀態時授權:如果他<將來>被斷定為所有失靈的重要腦功能不可能回復時,得摘取他的器官(9, 12, 13)。
如此,並不表示在憲法上的殺人禁止有例外的可能。只在一名潛在的器官受贈者因而有可能得救的情況下,才能將在發生腦死時摘取器官的事前同意加以正當化。捐贈者的事前同意固然必要,但是,僅有這項同意,允許摘取器官的條件仍未充分。
此外,腦死的狀態容許醫療中斷,因為有意義的治療目標已不存在。所以,就一名腦死的人,原則上,不僅容許拔除其呼吸器,而且必須如此(20)。一種只以苟延生命為目的的醫療,同時也根本無益於病患健康的改善時,原則上並不能認為正當。維繫生命的加強醫療手段的中斷會導致腦死病人的心臟和新陳代謝的靜止,也就因此,死亡隨即發生。基於這樣的認識,不能把捐贈器官的意願和安樂死的要求扯在一起,更不必提「積極安樂死」意義下的殺人囑託。因為,用一張器官捐贈卡來表示於其最後的臨終階段任人移植其器官的意願,捐贈者並不是同意縮短其生命,而是為了創設器官摘取的條件,同意將其死亡的過程延長若干小時或幾天。
在為了挽救他人生命而摘取器官的同時,死亡過程的延長也結束了!因此,同意這樣的死亡過程延長意謂著腦死的人自願選擇放棄其臨終過程的不受干預(26)。因此,在其腦死後摘取器官以幫助器官受贈者的事前同意不能被用來掩飾安樂死的要求:自願的器官捐贈者並不企望其死亡過程平順,而是為了拯救他人的生命而承受死亡過程的延長。器官移植的法律上規制,並不是將腦死當成死亡的標準,而是作為摘取的標準。所以,絕非暗示在憲法上和道德上有合法化「積極安樂死」的可能。欠缺摘取器官同意能力的腦死兒童,經由其行使親權的父母代為同意,基於<基本法>第六條第二項而具有其憲法上的正當性。
(十二名聯名發表本文者的簽名)
三﹑原文參考文獻
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2 Beller, F. K. und K. Czaia, Hirnleben und Hirntod, erklärt am Beispiel des anenzephalen Feten, Bochumer Materialien zur Medizinischen Ethik 20, Zentrum für Medizinische Ethik 1988.
3 Birnbacher, D., Einige Gründe, das Hirntodkriterium zu akzeptieren, in: Hoff, in der Schmitten (Hg.), a.a.O.(11), S. 28-40.
4 BVerfG 39 (1975), S. 38.
5 Dürig, G., in: Maunz/ Dürig/ Herzog/ Scholz, Kommentar zum Grundgesetz, Art. 2 II, Randziffer 9.
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20 Laufs, A., Fortpflanzungsmedizin und Arztrecht, Duncker & Humblot, 1992, S. 45f.
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24 Roth, G. u. U. Dicke, Falsches Weltbild, DIE ZEIT Nr. 30 v. 22. 07. 1994, S. 24.
25 Spittler, J., Der Hirntod ist der Tod des Menschen, Universitas 04/ 1995, S. 313-327, hier S. 324f.
26 Thomas, H., Sind Hirntod Lebende ohne Hirnfunktionen oder Tote mit erhaltenen Körperfunktionen?, Ethik in der Medizin (1994), S. 189-207.
27 Tröndle, H., in: Dreher-Tröndle, Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, C. H. Beck, 47. Aufl., 1995, vor § 211, Randziffer 3.
28 Untrügliche Zeichen für das Ende des Lebens. Stellungnahme medizinischer Fachgesellschaften zum Hirntodkriterium, FAZ vom 28. 09. 1994 sowie Meditinrecht, 12 (1994), S. VIIIf.
29 Veatch, R. M., The Impending Collapse of the Whole-Brain Definition of Death, Hastings Center Report 23/ 4 (1993), S. 18-24.
30 Wikler, D. und A. J. Wiesbard, Appropriate Confusion over Brain Death, Jorunal of the American Medical Association 261 (1989), S. 2246ff.
31 Wils, J.-P., Person und Leib, in: Hoff, J., u. in der Schmitten (Hg.), a.a.O. (11), S. 119-152.
32 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesärztekammer, Der endgültige Ausfall der gesamten Hirnfunktion (<Hirntod>) als sicheres Todeszeichen, Deutsches Ärzteblatt 90 (1993), S. 1975ff.
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Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
…..“要將一種腦死者的「腦」狀態從其他(例如,因腦部病變或極度驚駭而)深度不省人事病患的根本區別出來,是非常困難的。由於欠缺明確的判定標準,被判定為不省人事的昏迷病患,在原則上,也可被判定為腦死的(8)。對於一個人,即使不認識其「最內在的感受」,我們仍然有尊重的義務。<即使是>依特別的標準,對於出現死亡附隨現象的昏迷病患,也應該考量上述的認知”…..
….在美國是這樣,在德國也是這樣,這樣的要求昇高:將腦死的概念「一以貫之地(konsequent)」延伸<適用>到其他不省人事的病患,乃至於部分腦死(Teilhirntod)的病患(關於「部分腦死」:美國部分,參閱29, 30;德國部分,參閱2, 14, 25)。若依照現行法所規定的腦死標準,很難提出強有力的論證來反駁下列的見解:「部分腦死和前述的(完全)腦死根本就是一回事」(17,並參閱18)….. “腦死者不等於屍體 “-- 鄭逸哲* 譯;(鄭逸哲醫師(?)我知道是台北醫學大學的醫療法的教授;也許我寫錯了!!!,但又只是翻譯,太長了!!!!我剛從醫院因UGI-with Massive bleeding 出院—沒甚麼興趣!!!)﹑導言。
“醫師要不要,該不該救人
是義務,絕對不是權利
千萬不要把醫學倫理與法律義務搞混”…..施醫師高帽子一貼(醫學倫理?法律義務?)—更可笑了!!! 那還能談什麼真理 基本人權呢???
施醫師這是今年三月六日的NEJM文章,請指教!!!
Death in Pregnancy — An American Tragedy
Jeffrey L. Ecker, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:889-891March 6, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1400969
Marlise Muñoz was 33 years old and the mother of a 15-month-old when she collapsed on November 26, 2013, from what was later determined to be a massive pulmonary embolism. Initially described as apneic but alive, she was brought to the county hospital where her family was soon told that she was brain dead. Ms. Muñoz and her husband, both emergency medical technicians (EMTs), had discussed their feelings about such situations. So Erik Muñoz felt confident in asserting that his wife would not want continued support. Her other family members agreed, and they requested withdrawal of ventilation and other measures sustaining her body's function.
In most circumstances, this tragic case would have ended there, but Marlise was 14 weeks pregnant and lived in Fort Worth, Texas. Texas law states that a “person may not withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation or certain other life-sustaining treatment designated . . . under this subchapter (the Texas advance directive law) . . . from a person known . . . to be pregnant.”1 The hospital caring for Ms. Muñoz interpreted this exception as compelling them to provide continued support and declined the family's request to end such interventions. The attorney representing the hospital indicated that the law was meant to “protect the unborn child against the wishes of a decision maker who would terminate the child's life along with the mother's.” After weeks of discussion and media attention with the hospital remaining intransigent, Mr. Muñoz sued in state court to have his wife's and family's wishes respected…….
因為我是腎臟科醫師,對腦死與心臟死亡的議題, 特別注意::(因為這牽涉醫學倫理議題!!!....也是公共議題!!!).……
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….在美國是這樣,在德國也是這樣,這樣的要求昇高:將腦死的概念「一以貫之地(konsequent)」延伸<適用>到其他不省人事的病患,乃至於部分腦死(Teilhirntod)的病患(關於「部分腦死」:美國部分,參閱29, 30;德國部分,參閱2, 14, 25)。若依照現行法所規定的腦死標準,很難提出強有力的論證來反駁下列的見解:「部分腦死和前述的(完全)腦死根本就是一回事」(17,並參閱18)….. “腦死者不等於屍體 “-- 鄭逸哲* 譯;(鄭逸哲醫師(?)我知道是台北醫學大學的醫療法的教授;也許我寫錯了!!!,但又只是翻譯,太長了!!!!我剛從醫院因UGI-with Massive bleeding 出院—沒甚麼興趣!!!)﹑導言。
“醫師要不要,該不該救人
是義務,絕對不是權利
千萬不要把醫學倫理與法律義務搞混”…..施醫師高帽子一貼(醫學倫理?法律義務?)—更可笑了!!! 那還能談什麼真理 基本人權呢???
施醫師這是今年三月六日的NEJM文章,請指教!!!
Death in Pregnancy — An American Tragedy
Jeffrey L. Ecker, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:889-891March 6, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1400969
Marlise Muñoz was 33 years old and the mother of a 15-month-old when she collapsed on November 26, 2013, from what was later determined to be a massive pulmonary embolism. Initially described as apneic but alive, she was brought to the county hospital where her family was soon told that she was brain dead. Ms. Muñoz and her husband, both emergency medical technicians (EMTs), had discussed their feelings about such situations. So Erik Muñoz felt confident in asserting that his wife would not want continued support. Her other family members agreed, and they requested withdrawal of ventilation and other measures sustaining her body's function.
In most circumstances, this tragic case would have ended there, but Marlise was 14 weeks pregnant and lived in Fort Worth, Texas. Texas law states that a “person may not withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation or certain other life-sustaining treatment designated . . . under this subchapter (the Texas advance directive law) . . . from a person known . . . to be pregnant.”1 The hospital caring for Ms. Muñoz interpreted this exception as compelling them to provide continued support and declined the family's request to end such interventions. The attorney representing the hospital indicated that the law was meant to “protect the unborn child against the wishes of a decision maker who would terminate the child's life along with the mother's.” After weeks of discussion and media attention with the hospital remaining intransigent, Mr. Muñoz sued in state court to have his wife's and family's wishes respected…….
因為我是腎臟科醫師,對腦死與心臟死亡的議題, 特別注意::(因為這牽涉醫學倫理議題!!!....也是公共議題!!!).……



Accepting Brain Death
David C. Magnus, Ph.D., Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., and Arthur L. Caplan, Ph.D.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:891-894March 6, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1400930
The Dead-Donor Rule and the Future of Organ Donation
Robert D. Truog, M.D., Franklin G. Miller, Ph.D., and Scott D. Halpern, M.D., Ph.D.
N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1287-1289October 3, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1307220
The Dead-Donor Rule and the Future of Organ Donation
Robert D. Truog, M.D., Franklin G. Miller, Ph.D., and Scott D. Halpern, M.D., Ph.D.
N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1287-1289October 3, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1307220
Life or Death for the Dead-Donor Rule?
James L. Bernat, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1289-1291October 3, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1308078
Donation after cardiac death: evaluation of revisiting an important donor source
1. C. Moers,
2. H.G.D. Leuvenink and
3. R.J. Ploeg
4. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2010) 25 (3): 666-673. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp717
Organ donation, transplantation and religion
1. Michael Oliver1,*,
2. Alexander Woywodt1,*,
3. Aimun Ahmed1 and
4. Imran Saif2
5. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2011) 26 (2): 437-444. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq628
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- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
不知道我有沒有理解錯誤李誠民 寫:….
施醫師這是今年三月六日的NEJM文章,請指教!!!
Death in Pregnancy — An American Tragedy
Jeffrey L. Ecker, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:889-891March 6, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1400969
Marlise Muñoz was 33 years old and the mother of a 15-month-old when she collapsed on November 26, 2013, from what was later determined to be a massive pulmonary embolism. Initially described as apneic but alive, she was brought to the county hospital where her family was soon told that she was brain dead. Ms. Muñoz and her husband, both emergency medical technicians (EMTs), had discussed their feelings about such situations. So Erik Muñoz felt confident in asserting that his wife would not want continued support. Her other family members agreed, and they requested withdrawal of ventilation and other measures sustaining her body's function.
In most circumstances, this tragic case would have ended there, but Marlise was 14 weeks pregnant and lived in Fort Worth, Texas. Texas law states that a “person may not withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation or certain other life-sustaining treatment designated . . . under this subchapter (the Texas advance directive law) . . . from a person known . . . to be pregnant.”1 The hospital caring for Ms. Muñoz interpreted this exception as compelling them to provide continued support and declined the family's request to end such interventions. ((The attorney representing the hospital indicated that the law was meant to “protect the unborn child against the wishes of a decision maker who would terminate the child's life along with the mother's.” ))After weeks of discussion and media attention with the hospital remaining intransigent, Mr. Muñoz sued in state court to have his wife's and family's wishes respected…….
病人的先生及家屬因為病人腦死,希望撤掉維生系統
由於牽涉到病人懷孕14週
醫院的律師擔心可能會觸犯當地的加工墮胎?(殺死胎兒罪),而拒絕執行
所以,病人的先生及家屬一狀告到法院,要法院判決醫院尊重他們的決定
如果是的話
以美國那麼愛告的國家
當法律解釋上有疑慮時
我會跟醫院律師所擔心的一樣
完全交給法院來判決
遵從法院的決定
避免往後的糾紛
只是
相同的情事發生在台灣的話
如果家屬知道胎兒是男性
先生又是一脈單傳
反正醫療費用是由健保買單
家屬一定苦苦哀求
甚至恐嚇要告醫院
一定不能撤掉維生系統
好讓病人腹中的胎兒可以生下來
在目前高風險的時代,只願能:[北風北安全下庄]
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- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
.....The attorney representing the hospital indicated that the law was meant to “protect the unborn child against the wishes of a decision maker who would terminate the child's life along with the mother's.” After weeks of discussion and media attention with the hospital remaining intransigent, Mr. Muñoz sued in state court to have his wife's and family's wishes respected.
Because the loss of a pregnancy in utero together with a mother may be doubly mourned, clinicians, with a family's assent, have occasionally continued critical support in brain-dead parturients in order to advance gestation and potentially reach a point where a healthy neonatal outcome could be obtained. After all,
brain-dead persons who are willing to donate organs are supported, albeit for much shorter periods, until tissues can be harvested
(咦) .......
這篇文章有兩個啟示對::
1.美國資料醫療支出70%, 都在死前三個月(----無效醫療!!)
2.Ms.Munoz 可能有移植器官的機會(發揮大愛?)
由於對基本人權與醫學倫理的認知ˋ基本差異極大,西方民主法治與東方人性的根本問題不同, 如何談論問題!!!
醫學倫理在某些方面是隨時代環境改變的!!!!但WMA的ethics priciple:__Patient, Society, Colleague仍是醫師遵守的!!!........
Because the loss of a pregnancy in utero together with a mother may be doubly mourned, clinicians, with a family's assent, have occasionally continued critical support in brain-dead parturients in order to advance gestation and potentially reach a point where a healthy neonatal outcome could be obtained. After all,



這篇文章有兩個啟示對::
1.美國資料醫療支出70%, 都在死前三個月(----無效醫療!!)
2.Ms.Munoz 可能有移植器官的機會(發揮大愛?)
由於對基本人權與醫學倫理的認知ˋ基本差異極大,西方民主法治與東方人性的根本問題不同, 如何談論問題!!!
醫學倫理在某些方面是隨時代環境改變的!!!!但WMA的ethics priciple:__Patient, Society, Colleague仍是醫師遵守的!!!........
-
- 公會及協會
- 文章: 10178
- 註冊時間: 週四 10月 26, 2006 11:49 pm
- 來自: 台北市
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
李誠民 寫:....
由於對基本人權與醫學倫理的認知ˋ基本差異極大,西方民主法治與東方人性的根本問題不同, 如何談論問題!!!
醫學倫理在某些方面是隨時代環境改變的!!!!但WMA的ethics priciple:__Patient, Society, Colleague仍是醫師遵守的!!!........
光是以下這條的但書,就可以吵翻天了
醫師應告知「末期病人」或「其家屬」
但「病人」有明確意思表示欲知時,應予告知
也就是說法律容許家屬知及選擇的權利>>末期病人
(林萍章醫師曾經寫過這方面的立法批判,因為,國外是病人權利>>其家屬)
所以,當法律有爭議時,WMA的ethics priciple是救不了在台灣執業的醫師
安寧緩和醫療條例 第8條 :
醫師應將病情、安寧緩和醫療之治療方針及維生醫療抉擇告知末期病人或
其家屬。
但病人有明確意思表示欲知病情及各種醫療選項時,應予告知。
在目前高風險的時代,只願能:[北風北安全下庄]
-
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
-
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 1467
- 註冊時間: 週三 6月 23, 2010 10:18 am
Re: 安寧緩和治療條例
這是本期NEJM 的文章,供參考,與安寧緩和治療(Palliative Rx)有關; 也是醫師應有的經濟觀與政治觀::
Promoting Population Health through Financial Stewardship.
Peter A. Ubel, M.D., and Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1280-1281April 3, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1401335
Health care costs are straining濫用 budgets throughout the developed world, threatening the fiscal solvency of governments, employers, and individuals. Many countries are trying to restrain health care spending through top-down approaches, such as price regulation and even refusal to reimburse for interventions that are not cost-effective.
………Consider the campaign launched by the Centers for Disease Control(基本上還是私營--公共基金會? 財務是參院撥款支應!!) and Prevention to promote “antibiotic stewardship.”…….. Such societal stewardship involves forgoing a small, or even uncertain, benefit for an individual patient in order to promote the health and well-being of the general population………
…….Financial stewardship also promotes population health by increasing people's access to affordable medical care. When health care costs rise, so do health insurance premiums, thereby pricing some employers and individuals out of the market. High health care costs have also influenced many state Medicaid programs to lower the maximum income for eligibility and have contributed to the unwillingness of some states to expand their Medicaid programs under the Affordable Care Act……….
…….Finally, financial stewardship allows society to direct its finite resources toward alternative activities that may have a greater effect on population health than medical care itself. Considerable evidence has established that education and the provision of appropriate social services are critical factors in overall health.5 Costly medical treatments with little chance of providing substantial benefits cause health care costs to spiral upward and crowd out essential spending…....
If physicians truly want to promote the health of the population, they need to embrace their role as financial stewards.
台灣安寧緩和條例成立(?),也就成立了安寧緩和(Palliative)護理學會與專科醫師學會
Generalist plus Specialist Palliative Care — Creating a More Sustainable Model
Timothy E. Quill, M.D., and Amy P. Abernethy, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1173-1175March 28, 2013
Palliative care, a medical field that has been practiced informally for centuries, was recently granted formal specialty status by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The demand for palliative care specialists is growing rapidly, since timely palliative care consultations have been shown to improve the quality of care, reduce overall costs, and sometimes even increase longevity………
Now that the value of palliative care has been recognized, specialists are sometimes called on for all palliative needs, regardless of complexity……
…… Current levels of new trainees will barely replace retiring palliative care clinicians. Part of the solution is to increase fellowship funding and develop alternative pathways to fellowship training and certification, and the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and other organizations are working to address the workforce challenge. In the current cost-conscious environment, expanding workforce may be a tough sell, but the proven ability of palliative care to simultaneously improve quality and save money makes it a critical part of the care plan for the most seriously ill (and expensive) patients……
Representative Skill Sets for Primary and Specialty Palliative Care.. This distinction is not new: in the 1990s, there was a national focus on teaching basic palliative care skills to all practitioners (e.g., the Education in Palliative and End-of-life Care and End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium courses), but the increased demand for palliative care warrants a reenergized, concerted effort spanning the health care system……………
We hope that every medical field will define a set of basic palliative skills for which they will be primarily responsible and distinguish them from palliative care challenges requiring formal consultation. Such a model might be better and more sustainable than our current system, as we strive to make high-quality health care available to all Americans.
為甚麼基層醫師(GP or Family Dr.)不可以當醫院的palliative consultant(會診醫師?!)
Promoting Population Health through Financial Stewardship.
Peter A. Ubel, M.D., and Reshma Jagsi, M.D., D.Phil.
N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1280-1281April 3, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1401335
Health care costs are straining濫用 budgets throughout the developed world, threatening the fiscal solvency of governments, employers, and individuals. Many countries are trying to restrain health care spending through top-down approaches, such as price regulation and even refusal to reimburse for interventions that are not cost-effective.
………Consider the campaign launched by the Centers for Disease Control(基本上還是私營--公共基金會? 財務是參院撥款支應!!) and Prevention to promote “antibiotic stewardship.”…….. Such societal stewardship involves forgoing a small, or even uncertain, benefit for an individual patient in order to promote the health and well-being of the general population………
…….Financial stewardship also promotes population health by increasing people's access to affordable medical care. When health care costs rise, so do health insurance premiums, thereby pricing some employers and individuals out of the market. High health care costs have also influenced many state Medicaid programs to lower the maximum income for eligibility and have contributed to the unwillingness of some states to expand their Medicaid programs under the Affordable Care Act……….
…….Finally, financial stewardship allows society to direct its finite resources toward alternative activities that may have a greater effect on population health than medical care itself. Considerable evidence has established that education and the provision of appropriate social services are critical factors in overall health.5 Costly medical treatments with little chance of providing substantial benefits cause health care costs to spiral upward and crowd out essential spending…....
If physicians truly want to promote the health of the population, they need to embrace their role as financial stewards.
台灣安寧緩和條例成立(?),也就成立了安寧緩和(Palliative)護理學會與專科醫師學會
Generalist plus Specialist Palliative Care — Creating a More Sustainable Model
Timothy E. Quill, M.D., and Amy P. Abernethy, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1173-1175March 28, 2013
Palliative care, a medical field that has been practiced informally for centuries, was recently granted formal specialty status by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The demand for palliative care specialists is growing rapidly, since timely palliative care consultations have been shown to improve the quality of care, reduce overall costs, and sometimes even increase longevity………
Now that the value of palliative care has been recognized, specialists are sometimes called on for all palliative needs, regardless of complexity……
…… Current levels of new trainees will barely replace retiring palliative care clinicians. Part of the solution is to increase fellowship funding and develop alternative pathways to fellowship training and certification, and the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and other organizations are working to address the workforce challenge. In the current cost-conscious environment, expanding workforce may be a tough sell, but the proven ability of palliative care to simultaneously improve quality and save money makes it a critical part of the care plan for the most seriously ill (and expensive) patients……
Representative Skill Sets for Primary and Specialty Palliative Care.. This distinction is not new: in the 1990s, there was a national focus on teaching basic palliative care skills to all practitioners (e.g., the Education in Palliative and End-of-life Care and End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium courses), but the increased demand for palliative care warrants a reenergized, concerted effort spanning the health care system……………
We hope that every medical field will define a set of basic palliative skills for which they will be primarily responsible and distinguish them from palliative care challenges requiring formal consultation. Such a model might be better and more sustainable than our current system, as we strive to make high-quality health care available to all Americans.
為甚麼基層醫師(GP or Family Dr.)不可以當醫院的palliative consultant(會診醫師?!)